Practice test questions:
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1. Excessive irradiation of the skin will most often give rise to:
a.squamous cell carcinoma c.basal cell carcinoma
b.sweat gland adenoma d.trichoepithelioma
2. Which of the following organism is likely to be the cause of acute osteomyelitis
A. staphylococci c.streptococci
B. Enterococci d.gonococci
3. Vasodilation edema and pavementing of polymorphonuclear leucocytes are features of:
A.acute inflammation
B.subacute inflammation
C.chronic inflammation
D.chronic granulomatous inflammation
4. Benign tumors of epithelial tissue origin except
a.keratoacanthoma c.leukoplakia
b.papilloma d.benign melanocytic nevus
5. Adamantinoma of long bones histologically resembles:
a.croniopharyngioma c.ameloblastoma
b.hemangiomyeloblastoma d.melanotic pharyngioma
6. Common malignancy of the palatal region that originates from accessory or minor salivary glands:
a.solar cheilitis c.adenocystic carcinoma
b.metastatic lesions d.pleomorphic adenoma
7. Dental examination of a 25 year old man reveals a solitary asymptomatic flat brown lesion of unknown duration.Which of the following is the diagnosis
a.blue nevus c.malignant melanoma
b.compound nevus d.focal melanosis
8. Acidogenic theory according to Miller states that:
A.dental caries is due to bacteria affecting the organic contents liberating acids and later dissolve the inorganic contents
B.dental caries is caused by a single organism rather than a variety of organism
C.dental plaque is structure that initiates caries formation
D.dental caries is a chemico-parasitic theory
9. Irradiation of the skin often rise to
a.lymphoepithelioma c.epidermoid carcinoma
b.angiosarcoma d.basal cell carcinoma
10. Which of the following are the significant functions of neutrophils present in inflammation
1.elaboration of antibodies
2.elaboration of proteolytic enzymes
3.phagocytosis of bacteria by neutrophils
4.replication of new cell
a.4 and 3 c.2 and 4
b.1 and 2 d.2 and 3
11. The most abundant group of microorganism in the saliva are largely
a.lactobacilli c.streptococci
b.filamentoous form d.yeast
12. Dentigerous cyst are lined by:
a.endothelial cellociated
b.stratified squamous epithelium
c.columnar epithelium
d.mesothelial connective tissue
13. Which of the following constitute an inflammatory infiltrate:
a.multinucleated giant cells
b.neutrophils
c.fluids
d.emboli
f.macrophage
A.a and b only c.a and c only
B.d and e only d.b,c and e
14. Among others the clinical feature of chronic pulp infection is
a.tender to percussion c.draining sinus tract
b.all of these d.pain
15. Which one of the collagen diseases is not associated in Sjogren's syndrome
a.scleroderma
b.systemic lupus erythematonos
c.epidermolysis bullosa
d.poly arteritis nodosa
16. Which of these are associated with patient who has AIDS?
1. loss of cellular immunity defenses
2. increased susceptibility to infections
3. decrease immunoglobulin in the peripheral circulation
4. hepavax vaccination
a.1 and 2 c.2 and 3
b.1 and 3 d.1 and 4
17. In gram staining the primary stain is
a.hematoxylin c.eosin
b.saffranin d.crystal violet
18. Largest cell in the peripheral blood
a.monocyte c.eosinophil
b.neutrophil d.basophil
19. The basic of gram staining is
a.magnesium ribonucleate
b.zinc deoxyribonucleic acid
c.magnesium deoxyribonucleate
d.ribonulei acid
20. The feature most important in differentiating a malignant from benign tumor is
a.lack of encapsulation
b.high mitotic rate
c.presence of metastasis
d.nuclear pleomorphism
21. An increase in serum alkaline phosphatase is likely in patients with which of the following diseases:
A. Monostatic fibrous dysplasia
B. Paget's disease of bone and severe polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
C. Ossifying fibroma
D. Severe hepatic damage
22. Acceptable condition for complete sterilization by autoclaving is:
a.5 min. at 135 C with 15 lb. pressure
b.15 min. at 135 C with 10 lb. pressure
c.20 min. at 121 C with 10 lb. pressure
d.20 min. at 121 C with 15 lb. pressure
23. In an inflammatory response neutrophils release molecules that have the following effect:
a.degranulation og mast cells
b.all of these
c.chemotaxis of eosinophils
d.chemotaxis of lymphocytes
24. Cystic hygroma of the neck is evidence of:
a.brachial cleft cyst c. lymphangioma
b.thyroglossal cyst d.hemangioma
25. All except one is not a lesion of the pulp
A. Ulcerative pulpitis c. polyp
B. Concresence d. hyperemia of the pulp
26. A mix tumor of the parotid gland is most likely to exhibit:
A.slow growth but tendency towards recurrence after enucleation
b.early metastasis to distant organ
c.latent metastasis after removal
d.early ulceration and hemorrhage
27. The cause of periodontal disease is plaque; it is caused by alkaline producing bacteria:
a.lactobacillus acidophilus
b.leptothrix buccalis
c.staphylococci
d.streptococcus mutans
28. Bacterial spores are a problem in sterilizing instruments and equipment because
a.they are resistant to physical and chemical agents
b.they are easy to destroy but are usually protected by a calcific membranne
c.they are resistant to antibiotic
d.few pathogenic bacteria are spore formers
29. A benign tumor usually shows:
a.grat amount of submicroscopic alteration
b.immature cell population
c.enclosed within fibrous membrane called a capsule
d.very rapid cell division
30. The predominat cells in acute inflamation
a.lymphocytes c.eosinophiles
b.neutrophils d.plasma cells
31. Granulomatous inflammation must have the following
a.macrophage c.capillaries
b.fibrous tissue d.plasma cell
32. Shedding of deciduous teeth is an intermittent process.The permanent teeth move upward and pressure is applied on the roots of the temporary teeth. What process takes place in cementum and dentin?
A. Physiologic resorption c.osteoclastic
b.cementoclast is increase d.pathologic resorption
33. The ability of the organism to resist infection is
a.antibody c.antigen
b.allergen d. Immunity
34. Excess fluoride intake can result in
A. Defect in calcification of enamel
b.degeneration of cementoblast
c.dysfunction of odontoblast
d.atrophy of the ameloblast
35. Desquamative skin lesion and edema are usually present in
a.kwashiorkor c.marasmus
b.neither of these choices d. Eczema
36. The most frequent site of tori
a.lips c.palate
b.gingiva d.tongue
37. The most common type of nevus is the
A. Junctional c.blue nevi
b.compound d. intramucosal
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38. Detergents kill bacteria by interfering with function of the cell
a.wall c.capsule
b.ribosomes d. Cell membrane
39. Anaerobic process of splitting proteins by bacteria and fungi with incomplete oxidized product foul smelling is
a.halitosis c.necrosis
b.gangrene d. Putrefaction
40. Which of the following statement/s is correct
1. a decayed tooth is termed as a carious tooth
2. dental decay disintegrates the hard tissue of tooth enamel cementum and dentin
3. the incidence of dental caries is greatest in childhood and young adult
4. it affect deciduous teeth as it does the permanent teeth
A. Only 1 and 2 c.all are correct
b.only 2 nad 4 d.only 3 and 4
41. Infection with gram negative bacteria is caused by
a.ribonclease c. Exotoxin
b.endotoxin d.capsular antigen
42. The physiologic process of tooth formation requires
A. Both vitamin C and vitamin D
b.vitamin C
c.neither of the choice
d.vitamin D
43. A bacterial metabolite that cause lysis of fibrin clot is
a.streptokinase c.streptodernase
b.coagulase d. hyaluronidase
44. Increase amount of blood in the blood vessel is the first sign of inflammation
A. Vasodilatation c.chemotaxis
b.leuocytons d.hyperemia
45. Deficiency of RBC and hemoglobin is characteristic of:
a.leukemia c.agranulocytosis
B. Anemia d.pellagra
46. Of the following mechanism which is responsible for eruptive tooth movement?
A. Ligament traction c.rooth elongation
b.nutrition d.bone growth
47. A high titer of serum heterophile antibodies is found in patients with the following conditions:
A. Infectious mononucleosis c.actinomycosis
b.herpes zoster d.hepatitis A
48. Squamous cell carcinoma usually metastasizes by way of
a.lymphatic system
B. aspiration into the lungs
C. venous system
D. arterial system
49. Exotoxins are produced by strain of
a.streptococcus faecalis c. Clostridium tetani
b.hemophillus influenzae d.salmonella typhi
50. Condensing osteitis:
1.involves anterior surface of maxilla
2.in young patients
3.cotton-wool appearance radiographically
4.tissue reaction is proliferation
5.patient with very is proliferation
a.2,4 and 5 c. 1,3 and 4
b.3,4 and 5 d.1 and 2
51. A foreign body produced as a result of damage to the ventricular endocardium characteristic of
a.occlusive thrombus c. Thrombus
b.vegetations d.embolus
52. Myxomas are manifested clinically by
A. locules very in size and separeted by bony septa
B. lymphhodenopathy
C. palpable swelling
D. tumor present painless swelling
53. In acute infection of the bone marrow by pus producing microorganism spread into the periosteum so that there is an inadequate blood supply to the cancellous bone which lead to necrosis. The lesion is diagnosed as:
a.myeloma c.osteoma
b.osteitis d. Osteomyelitis
54. A lesion of primary syphilis on the lips that resembles squamous cell carcinoma
a.both disease rarely manifest in the upper lips
b.both disease demonstrate early lymphadenopathy
c.both are excavated lesion
D. both lesion produce ulceration and enlarge regional lymph nodes
55. The malignant bone tumors which of the more likely to be encountered in children and young adults:
A. myeloma
B. metastatic carcinoma
C. liposarcoma
D. osteogenic sarcoma
E. ewing's sarcoma
A.a and c only C.b and d only
B.c and e only D. d and e
56. Streptococci present in the oral flora are not realated to
A. hyaluronidase
b.fibrinolysin
c.cellulitis with lymphangitis
d.necrosis
57. The cell surface antigen detected by monoclonal antibodies and known as CD5 is a marker for
a.NK cells
B. T cells
c.monocytes and granulocytes
d.B cells
58. pathognomonic sysmptom of acute apical periodontitis
a.tenderness to percussion
b.extraoral swelling
c.hypersensitive to heat
d.intermittent and throbbing pain
59. Factors the are assessed in the grading of malignant tumor include
a.number of mitoses in the primary tumor
b.numbers of lymph nodes containing metastases
c.degree of local invasion of the primary tumor
d.all of these
60. Characteristic feature of leukoplakia
a.red velvety paque
b.Liesegang rings
c.white or keratotic plaque
d.orange peel
61. An epithelial change which is most likely to be precancerous is
A. dyskeratosis c.parakeratosis
b.hyperkeratosis d.acanthosis
62. Which of the following is acidogenic formed in deep-seated caries that increase in saliva during period of active caries
a.bacteripdes c.bactobacillus
b.actinomyses d. Streptococcus pyogenes
63. Granulomas can be identified radiographically form abscess because
a.variable radiolusency
b.it is a diffuse rarefaction
C. it is a circumscribe lesion
d.of sizes of radiopacities
64. Two of the following disease is caused by a post streptococcal disease
A.Rheumatic fever and glomerulo-nephritis
b.scarlet fever and erysipelas
c.pharyngitis and common cold
d.impetigo and ostromylitis
65. Change in cell type from a more specialized to a less specialized cell type is
A. hypolasia c.neoplasia
b.metaplasia d.dysplasia
66. The principal antibacterial action of the tetracycline is inhibition of
a.cell membrane function c.histone formation
b.cell wall synthesis d.protein synthesis
67. Which of these microorganism produce proteolytic enzyme that penetrate the organic matrix of enamel giving rise to dental caries
A. streptococci c.bacilli
b.diptheroids d.loctabacilli
68. Which of the following tumors would be classified as being of connective tissue origin?
a.melanoma c.carcinoma
b.papiloma d. lipoma
69. Which of the following viruses can easily be spread in the dental office due to poor sterilization of instrument
a.all of these c.hepatitis B
b.herpes simplex virus d.adenovirus
70. Pernicious anemia may be associated with which of the following conditions?
a.gastric hyperacidity c.glossitis
b.microcytic anemia d.iron deficiency
71. Oral findings in porphyria are
a.turner's teeth
b.mottled enamel
c.red teeth
d.dentinogenesis imperfecta
72. Warthin's tumor occur most frequently in which of the following glands
a.submaxillary gland c.salivary gland
B.sublingual gland d.parotid gland
73. The effect of dilantin NA on the gingiva is increase size of collagen fibers such a reaction is called
A. gingivosis c.fibromatosis
b.hyperplastic d.hypertrophied gingiva
74. Causes of atrophy:
a.over stimulation
b.chemical stimulation
c.malnutrition
d.disuse
e.pressure
f.loss of innervation
A.a,d,e,f C.b,d,e,f
B.c,d,e,f D.a,b,c,d
75. Which of the following bacteria have a limited range of habitats in the oral cavity
1.treponema 2. actinomycoses 3.bacteriodes 4.streptococci
a.1 and 3 c.3 and 4
b.1 and 2 d.4 only
76. Most predominant organism found in dental plaque is
a.lactobacilli c.streptococci
b.diplococci d.staphylococci
77. Mode of growth of benign tumors
a.infiltrative c.expansive
b.aggressive d.destructive
78. Retarded eruption of teeth maybe due to
a.metabolic deficiency c.lack of space
b.endocrine disturbances d. malocclusion
79. Which microorganism can be outlined form a chronic bilateral ulcerations at the corner of the mouth
a.treponema c.brucella
b.borella vincenti d.candida albicans
80. The difference in the reaction between gram negative and gram positive bacteria is the absence of
a.potassium ribonucleate c.zinc ribonucleate
b.sodium ribonucleate d.magnesium ribonucleate
81. Which statement is correct?
1.gram positive bacteria is less susceptible to ionizing radiation
2.only the negative forms of gram negative are more susceptible to ionizing radiation than gram positive bacteria
3.gram positive and gram negative bacteria show no difference on radiation susceptibility to ionizing radiation
4.gram positive bacteria are more susceptible to ionizing radiation than gram negative bacteria
a.4 c.2 and 3
b.1 d.1 and 2
82. Bone si resorbed by:
a.chondroblast c.osteoblast
b.osteocyte d.osteoclast
83. The most common location of transitional cell CA is in the :
a.anterior 2/3 of the tongue
b.hard palate
c.gingiva
d.pharyx
84. The most common microorganism found in peripheral infection are
a.streptococci and bacilli variety
b.streptococci and pneumococci variety
c.bacilli and staphylococci variety
d.streptococci and straphylococci variety
85. Fundamental types of tissue
a.mesenchymal tissue c.fluid tissue
b.muscular tissue d.collagen tissue
86. Oral fibroma is:
a.histologically it can not be differentiated from a giant cell reparative granuloma
b.generally a pedunculated lesion
c.usually and exophytic lesion
d.most common oral neoplasm, that is benign
87. A congenital malformation composed of large lymph containing cystic spaces that develop in the neck occurring in infancy and childhood
a.leiomyoma c.lipoma
b.lymphangioma d.cystic hygroma
88. A cheek lesion which can not be rubbed off. The probable diagnosis is
a.candidiasis c.lichen planus
b.benign keratosis d.carcinoma in- situ
89. The symptom for acute periapical abscess observed radiographically is
a.diffuse rarefaction
b.thickening of the periodontal space
c.lymphadenopathy
d.periapical radioluscency
90. Esophageal carcinoma is usually related to:
a.cigarette smoking
b.both alcohol abuse and cigarette smoking
c.neither alcohol abuse nor cigarette smoking
d.alcohol abuse
91. Bacteria isolated in periodontal pockets are
a.gram negative microorganism and anaerobic microorganism
b.anaerobic microorganism
c.gram negative microorganism
d.borella vincenti and fusiform bacilli
92. Submerging dental instruments for 15 min. in cold disinfecting solution is unacceptable as a sterilizing method because this interval cold disinfectants
a.do not have affect upon gram positive organism
b.have a limited antimicrobial spectrum
c.do not kill gram negative organism
d.are not sporicidal
93. Prolonged antibacterial antibiotic therapy may predispose to infections disease caused by indigenous oral microorganism such as:
a.candida albicans c.fusobactrium fusiforme
b.actinomycosis d.treponema
94. A virus causing recurrent herpetic lesion is never completely eliminated but assumes a state of
a.mutualism c.latency
b.commensalism d.symbiosis
95. Which is LEAST likely to produce intravascular thrombosis
a.stasis to blood c.warfarin therapy
b.hyperviscosity syndrome d.hypercoagulable state
96. Which of the following end products is characteristic of aerobic microorganism metabolites
a.protein c.carbon dioxide and water
b.fatty acids d.lactic acid
97. White lace like line in the oral mucosa particulary the cheek
a.thrush c.leukoplakia
b.monilia albicans d.lactic acid
98. Causes pharyngeal ccarcinoma
a.alcohol abuse
b.both cigarette smoking and alcohol abuse
c.neither cigarette smoking nor alcohol abuse
d.cigarette smoking
99. Osteoporosis metastasis calcification renal stones increase calcium level are manifestations of
a.hyperadrenalism c.hypoparathyroidism
b.hyperparathyroidism d.hyperthyroidism
Attenuated microorganisms are used in the manufacture of the following
a.tetanus toxoid
B.dentovax, tetanus, toxoid, salk vaccine
c.salk vaccine
d.dentovax
Practice test questions:
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MICROBIOLOGY
BOARD EXAM QUESTIONS SET 2:
5. The site of intracellular synthesis of lipids and cholesterol derivatives is the:
6. In the bacteria cell the axial filaments are found
7. In carious lesion that have progressed into dentin the important organism are:
8. The alveolodental ligament is the :
9. The ends of bacillus anthracis are outstanding in that they are
10. The adhesion of shingella flexneri and E coli fimbriae to red blood cells and intestinal inhibited by:
11. Axial filaments impart to the bacterial cell body a twisting motion
12. The constriction around the middle o0f the elongated cell during mitosis and the development of the cleavage furrow eventually leading to the formation of two daughter cells takes place during
13. Flagella maybe detected by____microscopy
14. The so called Epstein's pearl are
15. During the third stage of passive eruption the gingival sulcus is located on
16. A detection in the terminal part of the shorter arm of chromosome number____leads to sever mental retardation with infants having distinctive facial features who cry with the sound so much like the mewing of the act a condition known as cri du chat syndrome
17. The process by which enamel matrix is transformed into the finished enamel containing 96% mineral salts and 4%organic substance and water is known as:
18. The chromosome number of typical somatic cells consisting of 46 pairs is known as the number.
19. The organic constituents of dentin is made of
20. Hairy leukoplakia affects the tongue and is due to:
22. The acquired pellicle primarily consist of
23. The various specialized functions of the interphase are carried out by its
24. When ameloblast have produced enamel rods they form a thin continuous membrane which covers the endre durface of enamel called the
25. Oxyphilic adenoma is a tumor that affects the
26. The intercellular disposal of ageing or deteriorating organelles by the cell itself through acid hydrolases is known as:
27. One of the best sources of richly piliated bacteria is the infected
28. The reason why the light microscope is used to visualized bacteria is that the human eye cannot detect an object about the size of____in diameter
29. Dead tracts refer to the
30. One of the following is not a functional activity of fimbriae:
31. Most bacteria produced a layered cell envelope that includes the following EXCEPT the:
32. The cellular structure that plays an important role in the intracellular processing of hormone precursors and there by,participates in the production of the active from of hormones such as the parathyroid hormone insulin is the:
33. A high incidence of Aneuploidy is seen in:
34. The bacteriodes spp that colonizes the gingival crevice oral activity
35. The papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum is a tumor of the
36. The structural difference in the cell of gram positive compared with gram negative bacteria the absence of____in the gram positive bacteria
37. The alignment of the chromosomes with their centromeres in the equatorial plane of the most striking feature in - metaphase
38. A tongue lesion often mistake for a malignant tumor is
39. _____give bacteria survival advantage in the bacterial cell is the:
41. The Barr bodies bear the following sex chromosome constitution
42. The Barr bodies are sex chromatin's found in the
44. The first indication of formation of the enamel rod is:
45. Cells of E. coli grown in the presence of glucose inhibited from producing flagella by:
46. The cushioned hammock ligament participates in
47. The type of cell junction that bounds epithelial cells to their underlying basement membrane is the
48. Flagella production is controlled by
49. Sources of outbreaks of salmonella food poisoning are traced by
50. A hereditary disorder manifested by loosening and premature loss of the deciduous teeth chiefly the incisors hypocalcification of the teeth and long bones presence of large pulp chambers absence of cementum as a result of a failure of cementogenesis and rachitic-like deformities of extremities is
51. An example of a holocrine gland is
52. Substances that bind selectively to cell surface receptors are
53. There are____autosomes in the nucleus of each grerm cell
54. Pleomorphic adenoma is a begin tumor of the _______________ glands
55. A characteristic of acute leukemia is
57. Cell to cell adhesion in bacteria conjugation takes place by means of:
58. The interaction of chemoreceptors in bacteria takes place membrane transport and at the____level of a specific plasma membrane proteins:
59. In cases where the spermatozoon carries a Y chromosomes the fertilized ovum will develop a male____autosomes and the XY combination in each somatic cell
60. A kind numerical aberration arising at the somatic level where the chromosome irregular and does not correspond to an exact multiple of the haploid number is known as:
61. The Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome has a tendency to develop malignant transformation in the
62. The cellular organelles containing a large number of acid hydrolases which are potentially of destroying all the major macromolecular contents of the cell are the:
63. The borrelia leptospiras move by
64. Coordination of flagellar function in bacteria involves chemoreceptors known as____binding proteins:
65. The so called baskets cells are found in the
66. In myelocytic leukemia the cells involved are the
67. In genetic hyperlipoprotenemias there is failure to internalize the LDL because of
68. In hemophilia type C the deficiency is in the plasma
69. Tomes granular layer is found in dentin
70. Streptococcus salivarius preferentially colonizes the:
71. The filaments in the bacterial cell
72. Fimbriae originate in the
73. In Klinefelter syndrome the sex chromosome constitution is
74. Specific RNA bacteriophages are inactivated by pilus bearing bacteria where the phases are
75. An example of the mosaicism of the female chromosome is
76. The organeLLe of the cell that detoxifies drugs is the
77. Flagella in those bacteria that posses them are
78. Female have___homologous pairs of chromosomes:
79. An abnormally of the bones of the face the teeth the eyelids with the following manifestation antImongoliod palpebral fissures deficiency of eyelashes and upper eyelids hypoplasia of the molar bones and mandible malformation of the external ear macrostomia high palate moluccusion is known as
80. A disease of skeletal system characterized abnormalities oof thge skull teeth and jaws with missing on rudimentary c;avicles is known as:
81. The first bacteria to colonize the pellicle are the
82. Evidence currently prevails that the primary etiologic agent in enamel caries in human is the
83. Substance that bind selectively to the cell surface receptors become dissociated from their receptors by means of the
84. The treponema microdentium produce the following number of filaments per cell
85. Of the three forms of endocytosis the most highly specific is
86. The transitional epithelium is found in the
87. The cell in the basal layer adjacent to the basement in the stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium are
88. The contour lines of owen are due to:
89. The serologic agglutination used in the identification of salmonella species that alternately produced one or two flagellar filament specified by separate structural genes is known as
90. Very long lived cells such as neurons and cardiac muscle cells tend to accumulate a representing a normal and product of wear tear that resist digestion by the enzymes cells.This pigment is known
91. Acrodynia is a condition of pain and dusky pink discoloration in the hands and feet most often seen in children chronically exposed to heavy metals
92. Most of the energy needed by the cell to sustain is metobalism is derived from nutrients intracellular oxidation that takes place is the:
93. Flagellar rotation is powered by:
94. The brush border cell is found in the
96. At birth the mouth is
97. A widely known and most common anomaly of autosomal abberation in chromosomes known AS down's syndrome or mongolism shows three chromosomes in chromosome number
BOARD EXAM QUESTIONS SET 2:
1. Flagellar function is governed by:
a.chemotactic responses c.osmotic gradient
b.antibody antigen responses d.electrical forces
2. About one for every_____newborn babies some kind of cytogenetics
a.60 c.100
b.160 d.120
3. The term H antigen arose from the phenomenon____of the type of growth an
a.slimy c.longitudinal
b.basic d.intermediate
Ranula is a:
A.retention phenomenon c.malignant tumor of
b.malignant tumor of the the sublingual gland
maxillary sinus d.benign tumor of the gall
bladder
4. The cuticula dentis is the
a.secondary enamel cuticle
b.basal layer of the epithelial attachment
c.epithelial attachment
d.primary enamel cuticle
5. The site of intracellular synthesis of lipids and cholesterol derivatives is the:
a.golgi network
b.rough surface endoplasmic reticulum
c.smooth surface endoplasmic reticulum
d.mitochondria
6. In the bacteria cell the axial filaments are found
a.in the extra cytoplasmic space
b.between the inner and outer membrane
c.in the outer membrane
d.in the inner membrane
7. In carious lesion that have progressed into dentin the important organism are:
a.streptococcus sanguinis c.lactobacilli
b.streptococcus mutans d.streptococcus mitior
8. The alveolodental ligament is the :
a.attachment of the mandible to the capsule of the temporomandibular joint
b.principal fibers of the periodontal membrane
c.attachment to the mandible to the styloid process
d.attachment to the mandible hyoid bone
9. The ends of bacillus anthracis are outstanding in that they are
a.pointed c.tapering
b.gently rounded d.squared
10. The adhesion of shingella flexneri and E coli fimbriae to red blood cells and intestinal inhibited by:
a.L-fructose c.D-galactose
b.alpha menthyl D lactose d.D-mannose
11. Axial filaments impart to the bacterial cell body a twisting motion
a.opposite in rotation to that axial filament spin
b.both along the direction and opposite in rotation to that axial filament spin
c.in the direction of rotation to that of the axial filament spin
d.at right angles to the rotation of the filament spin
12. The constriction around the middle o0f the elongated cell during mitosis and the development of the cleavage furrow eventually leading to the formation of two daughter cells takes place during
a.prophase c.metaphase
b.anaphase d.telophase
13. Flagella maybe detected by____microscopy
a.phase contrast c.election
b.all of theses choices d.denticles
14. The so called Epstein's pearl are
a.odontogenic c.enamel drops
b.cementicles d.denticles
15. During the third stage of passive eruption the gingival sulcus is located on
a.cementum only b.enamel
c.enamel and cementum d.cemento enamel junction
16. A detection in the terminal part of the shorter arm of chromosome number____leads to sever mental retardation with infants having distinctive facial features who cry with the sound so much like the mewing of the act a condition known as cri du chat syndrome
a.12 c.20
b.5 d.10
17. The process by which enamel matrix is transformed into the finished enamel containing 96% mineral salts and 4%organic substance and water is known as:
a.mineralization c.denaturation
b.maturation d.demineralization
18. The chromosome number of typical somatic cells consisting of 46 pairs is known as the number.
a.polypoid c.diploid
b.haploid d.aneuploid
19. The organic constituents of dentin is made of
a.45% c.96%
b.69% d.55%
20. Hairy leukoplakia affects the tongue and is due to:
a.fungus infection c.tobacco chewing
b.HIV infection d.prolonged antibiotic
therapy
21. When flagellated bacterial are deprived of their flagella
a.their pathogenicity is attenuated c.they are under mutation
b.they die d.they dont die
22. The acquired pellicle primarily consist of
a.glycoproteins c.starches
b.sugar d.dextrans
23. The various specialized functions of the interphase are carried out by its
a.nucleolus c.cytoplasm
b.all of the choices d.nucleus
24. When ameloblast have produced enamel rods they form a thin continuous membrane which covers the endre durface of enamel called the
a.post ameloblastic membrane
b.primary membrane cuticle
c.secondary enamel cuticle
d.tertiary cuticle
25. Oxyphilic adenoma is a tumor that affects the
a.thyroid gland c.parotid gland
b.parathyroid gland d.testes
26. The intercellular disposal of ageing or deteriorating organelles by the cell itself through acid hydrolases is known as:
a.autocytolysis c.autoexocytosis
b.autophagy d.autolysis
27. One of the best sources of richly piliated bacteria is the infected
a.throat c.inner ear
b.urinary tract d.gingival crevice
28. The reason why the light microscope is used to visualized bacteria is that the human eye cannot detect an object about the size of____in diameter
a. .001 inch c. .00001 inch
b. .0001 inch d. .01 inch
29. Dead tracts refer to the
a.dentin c.pulp
b.cementum d.enamel
30. One of the following is not a functional activity of fimbriae:
a.adhesions c.lectins
b.aggresins d.kinins
31. Most bacteria produced a layered cell envelope that includes the following EXCEPT the:
a.associated proteins and c.protoplast
polysaccharides d.cell wall
b.plasma membrane
32. The cellular structure that plays an important role in the intracellular processing of hormone precursors and there by,participates in the production of the active from of hormones such as the parathyroid hormone insulin is the:
a.ribosome c.rough surface endoplasmic
b.golgi network reticulum
d.mitochondria
33. A high incidence of Aneuploidy is seen in:
a.cancer cells c.is about toundergo karyonhexis
b.embryonal cells d.mitochondria
34. The bacteriodes spp that colonizes the gingival crevice oral activity
b.at the time of puberty
35. The papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum is a tumor of the
a.fossa of rosenmuller c.peritonsillar
b.parotid glands d.small intestine
36. The structural difference in the cell of gram positive compared with gram negative bacteria the absence of____in the gram positive bacteria
a.cytoplasmic membrane c.proteins
b.outer membrane d.capsule
37. The alignment of the chromosomes with their centromeres in the equatorial plane of the most striking feature in - metaphase
38. A tongue lesion often mistake for a malignant tumor is
a.papilloma c.endoplasmic reticulum
b.fibroma d.granular cell myoblastoma
39. _____give bacteria survival advantage in the bacterial cell is the:
a.exotoxin production c.endoplasmic reticulum
b.fimbriae d.RNA fraction
40. The site of antibody and complement reaction in the bacteria cell is the ?
a.DNA fraction c.endoplasmic reticulum
b.cell envelope d.RNA fraction
41. The Barr bodies bear the following sex chromosome constitution
a.XXY c.XY
b.XD d.XX
42. The Barr bodies are sex chromatin's found in the
a.in cells undergoing mitosis c.somatic cells
b.germ cells and somatic cells d.germ cells
43. Cytoplasmic organelles that play a direct role in lipid metabolism and maybe involved production of glucose from lipids are known as:
a.peroxisomes c.zymogen granules
b.ribosomes d.lysosomes
44. The first indication of formation of the enamel rod is:
a.the laying down of enamel matrix
b.homogenization in the dentinal end of Tomes’ processes
c.a change in the polarity of nuclei of the ameloblasts
d.the appearance of terminal bars
45. Cells of E. coli grown in the presence of glucose inhibited from producing flagella by:
a.anodic repulsion c.electrolyte repression
b.anabolic depression d.catabolite repression
46. The cushioned hammock ligament participates in
a.attachment of the mandible to the articular disk
b.proprioceptive sensation
c.speech
d.eruption
47. The type of cell junction that bounds epithelial cells to their underlying basement membrane is the
a.macula adherens c. transmembrane linker
b.desmosome d. hemidesmosome
48. Flagella production is controlled by
a.fluidity or viscosity of the media where they are found
b.physiology energy charge level
c.the stage in the maturation of the cell
d.the presence of chemo attractants
49. Sources of outbreaks of salmonella food poisoning are traced by
a.immunotyping c.biovar typing
b.serotyping d.weil test
50. A hereditary disorder manifested by loosening and premature loss of the deciduous teeth chiefly the incisors hypocalcification of the teeth and long bones presence of large pulp chambers absence of cementum as a result of a failure of cementogenesis and rachitic-like deformities of extremities is
a.familial hypophosphatemia c.hypoparathyroidism
b.rickets d.hypophosphatasia
51. An example of a holocrine gland is
a.acinar component of the pancreas
b.sweat gland
c.sebaceous gland
d.parotid gland
52. Substances that bind selectively to cell surface receptors are
a.complaments c.probands
b.ligands d.ribands
53. There are____autosomes in the nucleus of each grerm cell
a.23 c.48
b.22 d.44
54. Pleomorphic adenoma is a begin tumor of the _______________ glands
a. Pineal b.submaxillary c.colonic D.pancreatic
55. A characteristic of acute leukemia is
a.decrease in plasma cells c.thrombocytopenia
b.elevated erythrocyte count d.increased platelet count
56. An example of a pathogen with different strain showing fimbriae with great antigenic variation and thus offer an illustration of a type of the phenomenon of host immune system evasion by parasite antigenic variation is:
a.chlamydia c.streptococcus pyogenes
b.cholera vibrio d.Neisseria gonorrhoeae
57. Cell to cell adhesion in bacteria conjugation takes place by means of:
A.sex pili c.RNA
b.DNA d.sharing of cell envelopes
58. The interaction of chemoreceptors in bacteria takes place membrane transport and at the____level of a specific plasma membrane proteins:
a.esterification c.protein synthesis
B. dimethylation d.methylation
59. In cases where the spermatozoon carries a Y chromosomes the fertilized ovum will develop a male____autosomes and the XY combination in each somatic cell
a.46 b.23 c.22 d.44
60. A kind numerical aberration arising at the somatic level where the chromosome irregular and does not correspond to an exact multiple of the haploid number is known as:
a.tetraploidy c.haploidy
b.aneuploidy d.polyploidy
61. The Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome has a tendency to develop malignant transformation in the
a.liver c.oral mucosa
b.colon d.pharynx
62. The cellular organelles containing a large number of acid hydrolases which are potentially of destroying all the major macromolecular contents of the cell are the:
a.lypochromes
b.ribosome
c.rough surface endoplasmic reticulum
d.lysosome
63. The borrelia leptospiras move by
a. a traveling helical wave
b. a push and pull counter helical wave
c. a traveling undulating wave
d. corkscrew motion
64. Coordination of flagellar function in bacteria involves chemoreceptors known as____binding proteins:
a. extracellular c. periplasmic
b. circumplasmic d. cellular wall
65. The so called baskets cells are found in the
a.lung b.liver c.salivary glands d.pancreas
66. In myelocytic leukemia the cells involved are the
A.plasma cells c.lymphocytes
b.monocytes d.granulocytes
67. In genetic hyperlipoprotenemias there is failure to internalize the LDL because of
b.lack of the affinity of the LDL receptors for the coated pills
68. In hemophilia type C the deficiency is in the plasma
a.thromboplastin antecedent
69. Tomes granular layer is found in dentin
a.near the dentino-enamel junction
b.near the pulp
c.adjacent to cementum
d.in the down portion in the areas of deficients calcification
70. Streptococcus salivarius preferentially colonizes the:
a.smooth surfaces of the teeth
b.dorsal surface of the tongue
c.ventral surface tongue
d.occlusal surfaces of teeth
71. The filaments in the bacterial cell
a.run form the pole of the cell to the other
b.originate at opposite poles of the cell
originate at the center of the cell and are found only in the center
d.connect at the center of the cell
72. Fimbriae originate in the
a.plasma membrane
b.inner cell invelope
c.between the outer and inner cell envelopes
d.outer invelope
73. In Klinefelter syndrome the sex chromosome constitution is
a.XYY c.XXY
b.XXX d.XY
74. Specific RNA bacteriophages are inactivated by pilus bearing bacteria where the phases are
a. all over the pilus c. at the tip
b. all the base d. along the side
75. An example of the mosaicism of the female chromosome is
a.hirsutism c.albinism
b.myelogenous leukemia d.ectodermal dysplasia
76. The organeLLe of the cell that detoxifies drugs is the
a.smooth surface endoplasmic
b.ribosome
c.rough-surface endoplasmic
d.lysosome
77. Flagella in those bacteria that posses them are
a.only required for viability when need arises for them due to environmental changes
b.required for viability
c.not required for viability
d.conditionally required for viability
78. Female have___homologous pairs of chromosomes:
a.44 b.46 c.23 d.22
79. An abnormally of the bones of the face the teeth the eyelids with the following manifestation antImongoliod palpebral fissures deficiency of eyelashes and upper eyelids hypoplasia of the molar bones and mandible malformation of the external ear macrostomia high palate moluccusion is known as
a.costen's c.treacher-collins
b.down's d.turner's
80. A disease of skeletal system characterized abnormalities oof thge skull teeth and jaws with missing on rudimentary c;avicles is known as:
a.cleidocranial dysostosis c.craniofacial dysostosis
b.achondroplasia d.fibrous dyplasia
81. The first bacteria to colonize the pellicle are the
a.yeasts c.endosomes
b.lactobacilli d.liposomes
82. Evidence currently prevails that the primary etiologic agent in enamel caries in human is the
a.streptococcus mutans c.sterptococcus salivarius
b.lactobacillus d.yeast
83. Substance that bind selectively to the cell surface receptors become dissociated from their receptors by means of the
a.lysosome c.endosomes
b.exosomes d.receptors mediated
84. The treponema microdentium produce the following number of filaments per cell
a.two c.three
b.one d.four
85. Of the three forms of endocytosis the most highly specific is
a.pinocytosis c.phgocytosis
b.down regulated d.receptor mediated
86. The transitional epithelium is found in the
a.trachea c. urinary bladder
b.intestines d.skin
87. The cell in the basal layer adjacent to the basement in the stratified squamous non-keratinizing epithelium are
a.cuboIdal c.flat
b.columnar d.polyhedral
88. The contour lines of owen are due to:
a.areas of hypercalcification in enamel
b.linear areas of hypocalcification in enamel
c.alternating areas of appositional deposits of calcium in enamel
d.minute areas of interglobular dentin
89. The serologic agglutination used in the identification of salmonella species that alternately produced one or two flagellar filament specified by separate structural genes is known as
a.phase agglutination c.phase inversion
b.phase conversion d.phase variation
90. Very long lived cells such as neurons and cardiac muscle cells tend to accumulate a representing a normal and product of wear tear that resist digestion by the enzymes cells.This pigment is known
a.melanin c.lipochrome
b.tyrosine d.lipofuscin
91. Acrodynia is a condition of pain and dusky pink discoloration in the hands and feet most often seen in children chronically exposed to heavy metals
a.mercury intoxication c.lead poisoning
b.cadmium poisoning d.copper intoxication
92. Most of the energy needed by the cell to sustain is metobalism is derived from nutrients intracellular oxidation that takes place is the:
a.micro tubules c.cytoplasm
b.golgi network d.mitochondria
93. Flagellar rotation is powered by:
a.physical whipping action c.electronic current
b.proton current d.neutron current
94. The brush border cell is found in the
a.lung c.liver
b.kidney d.small intestine
95. Females with turner syndrome have the following sex chromosomes constitution
a.YO b.XXX c.XO d.XYY
96. At birth the mouth is
a.colonized by anaerobic forms such as vellionella
b.colonized at once by resident fora
c.sterile
d.found to harbor streptococcus salivarius
97. A widely known and most common anomaly of autosomal abberation in chromosomes known AS down's syndrome or mongolism shows three chromosomes in chromosome number
a.20 b.22 c.12 d.21
BOARD EXAM QUESTIONS SET 3
BOARD EXAM QUESTIONS SET 3
1.An enzyme involve in the phosphorylation of glucose which plays important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus:
a.phosphatase c.tricarboxylic acid
b.acetyl coenzyme A d.hexokinase
2.Increase activity of one of the following produces a deficiency on insulin and could play an important role in diabetes mellitus
a.thyroid gland c.parathyroid gland
b.posterior pituitary d.adrenals
3.A severe Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone involving nearly the entire skeletal system including the jaws with "cafe au lait" spots of the skin and precocious puberty in affected females is____syndrome
a.albright's c.jaffe's
b.well's d.costen's
4.The skin pigment melanin is derived from one of the following through the action of ultraviolet rays
a.dihydroxyalanine c.tyrosine
b.phenylalanine d.proline
5.The stromal cells of myeloid tissue are the
a.none of the choices c.fibroblast
b.endothelial cells d.both choices
6.An example of a very important micromolecular compounds internalized in the cell through a high specific form of endocytosis which represent an important source of the cholesterol needed for the synthesis of cellular membranes are the:
a.medium density lipoprotein c.high density lipoprotein
b.low density lipoprotein d. Very low density lipoprotein
7.The predominant cell in multiple myeloma is the:
a.megakoryocyte c.thymus
b.eosinophil d.plasma cell
8.The T cell become immunocomplete their maturation in the
a.spleen c.thymus
b.peripheral blood d.lymph nodes
9.The following are the organs of the immune system EXCEPT:
a.liver c.spleen
b.lymphoid follicles d.thymus
10.The thymocyte population of the thymus gland is_____its lobule
a.concentrated in the center of the gland
b.evenly distributed throughout
c.concentrated toward the borders of the gland
d.concentrated in the central half of gland
11.Although indistinguishable from one another their uniform microscopic appearance T-cell fall into____function types of subsets:
a.4 c.6
b.5 d.2
12.Clot retraction during blood coagulation is brought about by blood platelets as a result of the interaction of
a.thromboplastin c.microfilaments in the cells
b.fibrinogen d.fibrin
13.The following serves as an extramedullary storage for blood platelets:
a.bone marrow c.liver
b.lymph nodes d.spleen
14.A skin disorder resulting from the plugging of the dust of sweat glands is
a.seborrhea c.morphea
b.Miliaria d.syringoma
15.Congenital absence of teeth and or delayed eruption polydactyly thick short arms and legs cardiac abnormalities without however interference in the function of sweating are characteristics of:
a.cleidocranial dysplasia c.Hereditary ectodermal dysplasia
b.Ellis-van Creveld syndrome d.gardner's syndrome
16.The term lymphocyte activation refers to the:
a.increase in the production of lymphocytes by the bone marrow in response to foreign "invader"
b.proliferation of the lymphoid follicles during infection
c.change in size of the lymphocytes after its initial contact with the antigen
d.build up of lymphocyte reaction in the inflammatory reaction after the encounter with granulocytes
17.The lysosomes of the neutrophils are in the:
a.rough surface c.microtubules
b.endoplasmic reticulum d.specific granules
18. In the double stranded continuous helical structure of the DNA molecule where genetic information is stored the respective complementary base paring of adenine to thymidine and guanine to cytosine are united by_____bond:
a.sulfide c.an oxygen
b.hydrogen d.a polypeptide chain
19.The principal sites of concentration of alkaline phosphates are in the:
a.acinar cells of the exocrine portion of the pancreas
b.sinusoids of the hepatic lobules
C.epihyseal ends of long bones
d.brush border cells of the renal tubules
20.A T-cell factor required for antigen-induced B-cell activation proliferation and maturation to form antibody secreting cells are:
a.interleukins surface c.immunoglobulins
b.lymphokines d.cytoplasmic immunoglobulins
21.A characteristic surface marker in T-lymphocytes that distinguish them from B-lymphocytes is the___receptor:
a.Y c.H
b.ring d.rosette
22.In traumatic fat necrosis the:
a.cell membrane of the neurotic tissue are unerupted
b.cause is always trauma
c.most common involve organ is the pancreas
d.the cause is unknown
23. Crescent cells are found in the
a.heart c.pancreas
b.salivary gland d.kidney
24.One of the following is not a part of flagella:
a.basal body c.filament
b.hook d.outer membrane
25.Male patients with cirrhosis may show
a.testicular hypertrophy c.hyperalderosteronism
b.adrenal atrophy d.gynecomastia
26.The occurrence of firm painless bilateral swelling of the parotid glands accompanied by inflammation of the eye and cranial nerve involvement with chronic low grades malaise and cervical lymphadenopathy and xerostomia are the finding in:
a.hearford's syndrome c.mickulicz disease
b.sjogren's syndrome d.becet's syndrome
27.Liquefaction necrosis is the most commonly found in the:
a.kidney c.brain
b.liver d.heart
28.The known virulence factor which serve as an adherence factor in the colonization of the pnarynx prevents phagocytosis and is leukocidal unless neutralized with a specific antiserum is:
a.group B streptococcus salivarius M protein
b.group A sterptococcus pyogenes M protein
c.group B streptococcus hemolyticus M protein
d.group A streptococcus viridans M protein
29.One of the following is the classic manifestation of hepatic failure:
a.rapid pulse c.tremor of the finger
b.dizziness d.air hunger
30.In testing for graft rejection response between the donor and the recipient in organ transplantation the following antigens are used:
a.all the choices c.phytohemoagglutinins
b.Rh d.HLA
31.Beta cell are found in the:
a.adrenal glands c.pancreas
b.pineal glands d.brain
32.Stabs refer to:
a.monocytes c.eosinophils
b.neutrophils d.lymphocytes
33.Munro's microabscess are found in the:
a.epidemolysisbullosa c.psoriasis
b.lichen planus d.pemphigus vulgaris
34.Brodie's Abscesses is associated with:
a.osteomyelitis c.tuberculosis of the bone
b.chronic abscess of the lung d.yaws
35.The cell that play a key role in the transfer of hormones from the cerebrospinal fluid in the third ventricle to the blood in the Hypophysioportal circulation are:
a.panycytes c.dendrocytes
b.astrocytes d.tanycytes
36.When skeletal lesion in dyschondroplasia are accompanied by hemangiomas of the skin the condition is known as:
a.rochmer's disease c.maffucci's syndrome
b.kaposi's disease d.pagliacci'syndrome
37.bacteria with tufts of several polar flagella are said to be:
a.peritichous c.monotrichous
b.lopotrichous d.amphhitrichous
38.In the 4 week old embryo the infero - lateral corner of the medial nasal process are known as:
a.eye pit c.globular process
b.hyoid arches d.nasal pits
39.The nuclear sap stains:
a.lightly c.mid way between basophilic and
b.intensely eosinophilic eosinophilic
d.deeply basophilic
40.Abnormal chromosomal changes indicative of malignant transformation are:
a.diploidy c.polyploidy
b.none of these d.both choices
41.The "jigsaw puzzle" Appearance of the bone is peculiar to:
a.osteitis deformans c.ossifiying fibroma
b.fibrous dysplasia d.osteogenic sarcoma
42.Communication between the nucleoplasm to an antigen refers to:
a.endoplasmic reticulum c.nuclear pore
b.perinuclear space d.nuclear membrane
43.The term specific lack of responsiveness to an antigen refers to:
a.immunological resistance c.autoimmunity
b.immunological refractoriness d.immunological tolerance
44.In screening for compatibility between recipient and donor in organ transplantation a very important test used to determine host rejection:
a.mixed lymphocyte reaction c.serum antigen-antibody
b.serum agglutination reaction reaction
d.serology blood type
45.The antibody independent natural killer cells belong to the:
a.reticulum cells c.null cell
b.macrophages d.cell of von kupfer
46.Anoxia exert its greatest destructive effect on the:
a.kidney c.liver
b.brain d.heart
47.The cellular source of circulating immunoglobulin are:
a.lymphocytes c.monocytes
b.plasma cells d.megakaryocytes
48.The detoxification of drugs by the liver cells is done by the following intracellular organelles
a.smooth surfaced endoplasmic reticulum
b.rough surface endoplasmic reticulum
c.ribosomes
d.mitochondria
49.The interprismatic substance of enamel is formed by the:
a.dentine enamel membrane c.ameloblasts
b.tomes processes d.terminal bars
50.In many cells communication between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm is established through the:
a.endoplasmic reticulum c.nuclear pore
b.perinuclear space d.nuclear membrane
51.The T-cells which are required for the induction of T-dependent B-cell response and also for cytotoxic T-cell T-suppressor cell activation by antigen is the____cell:
a.T-suppressor c.T-cytotoxic
b.T-helper d.T-memory
52.At any given time 1/3 of the total blood platelets of the body are found in the:
a.spleen c.liver
b.bone marrow d.lymph node
53.A non-hereditary derangement of cartilaginous growth which occur within bone to produce multiple cartilaginous enchondromatosis plate is_____disease:
a.pott's c.crohn's
b.kohler's d.ollier's
54.class beta interferon is synthesized principally by:
a.lymphocytes c.fibroblast
b.plasma cells d.leukocytes
55.Very small circles of DNA found in any yeast which are capable of replicating independently renders their small size frequently in genetic engineering. These are know as:
a.karyotids c.prokaryotids
b.plasmids d.mycoplasmids
56.The bacterial cell wall is made of
a.cellulose c.complex waxy compounds
b.glycoproteins d.mucoploysaccharides
57.A disease predominantly occurring in middle age men associated with steatorrhea with abnormal deposit of fat throughout the body including the small intestines,the heart , adrenals and widely scattered lymph nodes is:
a.idiopathic fat phanerosis c.Whipple's disease
b.sieracki's disease d.weijer's disease
58.The function of RNA is communication of DNA gene sequences in the form of messenger RNA to the:
a.microtububles
b.ribosomes
c.smooth surface endoplasmic reticulum
d.rough surface endoplasmic reticulum
59.A hereditary disease not often recognized until childhood or adult life, characterized by over growth and scleroses of bone with resulting marked thickening of the bony cortex and disturbances deafness cranial nerve palsies and hydrocephalus_____disease:
a.Albers-Schönberg disease c.oliver's
b.albertson-romberg d.stronberg-carlson
60.Marie-strumpell disease affects the:
a.knee joint c.pelvis
b.spine d.heart
61.The site of intracellular synthesis of lipids and cholesterol derivatives is the:
a.rough-surface endoplasmic reticulum
b.smooth surface endoplasmic reticulum
c.ribosome
d.golgi network
62.The period of the logarithmic phase or exponential multiplication in bacteria growth lasts from:
a.6 to 12 hrs c.3 to 24 hrs
b.1 to 2 hrs d.3 to 4 hrs
63.Anoxia exert its greatest destructive effect on the :
a.heart c.kidney
b.liver d.brain
64.The supporting bone of the alveolar process:
a.located away from cementum
b.lies to cementum
c.gives attachment to the principal fibers of the periodontal ligament
d.does not give attachment to the principal fibers of the periodontal ligament
65.Liesegang rings are distinctive microscopic findings in:
a.ameloblastoma c.compound complex ondontoma
b.warthin's tumor d.Pindborg tumor
66.In the early changes of "Cloudy swelling"the:
a.cell undergoes shrinkage and look smaller than usual
b.cytoplasm of the cell loses its granular appearance
c.cytoplasm appears more granular
d.cytoplasm becomes more basophilic
67.A fatal progressive and massive destruction of the nose face and pharynx the cause of which is unknown and usually begin as a superficial ulceration of the palate or nasal septum often preceded by a feeling of stiffness in the nose is:
a.Wegener's granulomatosis
b.juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma
c.hansen's disease
d.cancrum oris
68.The immunocompetence of T-lymphocytes is conferred upon them by:
a.thymic medulla c.epithelial reticular cells
b.prethymocytes d.thymic cortex
69.The occurrence of firm painless bilateral swelling of the parotid glands accompanied by inflammation of the aye and facial nerve involvement with chronic low grade fever malaise and cervical lymphadenopathy and xerostomia are the findings in:
a.heerfordt's syndrome c.mickulicz's syndrome
b.Sjogren's syndrome d.behcet's syndrome
70.A chromosomal aberration in chromosome number 22 is associated with:
a.down's syndrome c.aplastic anemia
b.chronic myelogenous leukemia d.turner’s syndrome
71.The null cell belong to the:
a.neutrophils c.metamyelocytes
b.lymphocytes d.erythrocytes
72.A substance which promotes the proliferation of T-helper cells that assist in the activation of B-lymphocytes to respond effectively to an antigen is:
a.opsonin c.bradykinin
b.interleukin d.immunoglobulin
73.Even after it is thoroughly cleaned the acquired pellicle absorbs selectively to the enamel surface within:
a.30 min. c.second
b.6 hrs d.1 hour
74.The bacterial cell wall is made of:
a.mucopolysacharrides c.cellulose
B.glycoprotein d.complex waxy compound
75.The current prevailing knowledge on the routes of transmission of AIDS are the following EXCEPT:
a.birth c.prolonged household contact
b.sex d.blood
76.The predominant cell in multiple myeloma is the:
a.myeloblast c.megakaryocyte
b.eosinophil d.plasma cell
77.The drumstick appendage in a neutrophil is the:
a.azurophilic
b.fifth lobe of the segmented nucleus
c.sex chromatin
d.golgi network
78.The "jigsaw puzzle" Appearance of the bone is peculiar to:
a.osteitis deformans c.ossifying fibroma
b.fibrous dysplasia d.osteogenic sarcoma
79.The following constituents is absent in gram negative bacteria
a.magnesium ribonucleate c.ribonucleic acid
b.magnesium deoxyribonucleate d.zinc deoxyribonucleate
80.The principal sites of concentration of alkaline phosphates are in the:
a.the acinar cell of the exocrine portion of the pancreas
b.brush border cells of the renal tubules
c.the epiphyseal ends of the long bones
d.the sinusoids of the hepatic lobules
81.The following are derived from the bone marrow except:
a.mast cell c.B-lymphocytes
b.T-lymphocytes d.monocytes
82.Cells of loose connective tissue containing histamine are:
a.lymphocytes c.mast cells
b.eosinophils d.granulocytes
83.Mast cell degranulation is triggered by the interaction of antigen with surface bound
a.IgA c.IgG
b.IgE d.IgM
84. Beta cells are found in the :
a.pineal body c.brain (Betz cells are found in the brain)
b.pancreas d.adrenal glands
85.The only class of material immunoglobulins that can be transferred across the placenta to provided the fetus with passive immunity:
a.IgG c.IgM
b.IgA d.IgE
86.The following comprise a series of approximately 20 plasma proteins that interact sequentially and become activated when an antibody combines with the antigens:
a.complement c.antecedant
b.agglutinins d.immunoglobulins
87.At autopsy the number of patients who die of AIDS found to have neuropathologic abnormalities is:
a.75 to 85 percent c.55 to 60 percent
b.80 to 90 percent d.45 to 50 percent
88.Thrombocythemia is associated with one of the following
a.chronic osteomyolitis c.leukocytosis
b.anilline dyes d.tuberculosis
89.In the antigenic response the cell participate is the:
a.eosinophil c.monocyytes
b.lymphocyte d.mast cell
90.A frequent accompaniment of osteogenesis imferfecta is:
a.scoliosis c.osteosclerosis
b.blindness d.skin pigmentation
91.The following can be observed with the use of phase contrast microscopy:
a.none of the choices c.endospores
b.both of the choices d.cytoplasmic particles
92.The supporting bone of the alveolar process:
a.lies next to cementum
b.is located away from cementum
c.does not give attachment to the pricipal fibers of the periodontal ligament
d.gives attachment to the principal fibers of the periodontal ligament
93.An enzyme involved in the phophorylation or glucose which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus is:
a.hexokinase c.phosphatase
b.acetyl coenzyme d.tricarboxylic acid
94.the pars nervosa of the pituitary gland arise from the brain and the three parts develop from the:
a.4th ventricle c.midbrain
b.primary stomodeum d.sella turcica
95.Bacteria are able to search for nutrients or to avoid poisons by following a gradient either toward a chemo attractant or away from a repellent by means of their:
a.exotoxins c.extracellular enzymes
b.cell wall d.flagella
96. A disease characterized by serve destruction of alveolar bone involving both deciduous and permanent dentition as early as 2 years of age with premature exfoliation of teeth gingival hyperplasia, gingival ulcerations, formation of deep periodontal pockets associated with hyperkeratosis of the palmar and plantar surface and generalized hyperhidrosis:
a.papillon-lefevre syndrome c.hypophosphatemia
b.hereditay ectodermal dysplasia d.lesch-nyhan syndrome
97.An example of autoimmunity of
a.chronic thyroiditis c.chronic lymphoma
b.measles d.poliomyelitis
98.The period of the logarithmic phase or exponential multiplication in bacterial growth lasts form:
a.6 to 12 hours
b.3 to 24 hours
c.1 to 2 hours
d.3 to 4 hours
Genetic Disorders
There are three major types of mutations:
(1) genome mutations, which involve loss or gain of an entire chromosome
(2) chromosomal mutations, which involve alterations in one or more chromosomes that are usually identifiable by karyotyping
(3) gene mutations, which are partial or complete deletion of the gene or alteration of the base. Genome mutations usually result in death of the fetus, or death during infancy or early childhood.
- Many diseases have a genetic component, albeit without a specific identifiable gene mutation. Such conditions are said to have a multifactorial inheritance pattern. Examples of such diseases include coronary artery disease, hypertension, gout, and diabetes mellitus.
- When discussing genetic diseases, some definitions are important to remember:
- (1) hereditary or familial, a condition derived from parents (i.e., a condition that is transmitted in the germ line); and
- (2) congenital, a condition that is present at birth. Not all hereditary conditions are congenital, and not all congenital conditions are hereditary. Some hereditary conditions are manifested at the time of birth or shortly thereafter, and many manifest later in life.
The overall effects of the mutation of a single gene include
- (1) an enzyme defect;
- (2) defects in membrane receptors and/or transport system;
- (3) alterations in structure, function, or quantity of nonenzymatic protein; or
- (4) mutations resulting in unusual reactions to drugs. An enzyme defect can cause accumulation of substrate, a metabolic block resulting in a decreased amount of needed end product, or failure to inactivate a tissue-damaging substrate.
Overview: In general, autosomal dominant disorders
- have reduced penetrance and variable expressivity.
- They usually do not encode enzymes because a loss of up to 50% of an enzyme's activity can be compensated for by activity of the enzyme encoded by the normal allele.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Mutation: Low-density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDL); there are more than 100 known mutations.
Mechanism: The LDL receptor recognizes apolipoprotein B100 or apolipoprotein E; therefore, a mutation of the receptor results in impaired uptake of cholesterol into cells.
Manifestations of familial hypercholesterolemia
- Elevated cholesterol level: Heterozygotes have half the normal amount of LDL receptors and two to three times the normal level of cholesterol; homozygotes have five or more times the normal level of cholesterol.
- Tendon sheath xanthomas, corneal arcus, and xanthelasma.
- Early atherosclerosis and its consequences; homozygotes usually die of cardiovascular disease before the age of 30 years.
GENETIC DISEASES
• Chromosomal abnormalities
• Whole chromosome
• Other abnormalities
• Autosomal
• X-linked
• Trinucleotide repeat expansions
• Imprinting
TRISOMY 21 – DOWN
• Characterized by:
• Intellectual disability with later early onset Alzheimer’s
• Flat facies with prominent epicanthal folds
• Duodenal atresia, Hirschsprung disease
• ASD, AV malformations, VSD
TRISOMY 18 – EDWARDS
• Characterized by:
• Intellectual disability
• Prominent occiput, micrognathia, low set ears, short neck
• Rocker-bottom feet
• Congenital heart defects
TRISOMY 13 – PATAU
• Characterized by:
• Intellectual disability
• Microphthalmia, microcephaly, cleft lip and palate, umbilical hernia, polydactyly
• Rocker-bottom feet
• Congenital heart and renal defects
XXY – KLINEFELTER
• Or XXXY or XXYY, etc.
• Characterized by:
• Phenotypic male
• Testicular atrophy, eunuchoid body shape, long extremities, gynecomastia, female hair distribution
• Rare mental disability, usually no or slight IQ loss
• Reduced or eliminated fertility
• Detection usually occurs at puberty when symptoms appear
• Associated with maternal or paternal meiotic nondisjunction
XYY
• Phenotypically normal
• Normal fertility
• Classically suffer from severe acne
• Classically associated with antisocial personalities
XØ – TURNER
• Characterized by:
• Phenotypic female
• Hypogonadism, streak ovaries, amenorrhea, short stature,broad chest with widely spaced nipples
• Coarctation of the aorta
• Normal intelligence
• Severely affected patients can present in infancy with swelling of the nape of the neck
• Cells are notable for absence of a Barr body
• Usually infertile
CRI-DU-CHATSYNDROME
• Congenital microdeletion of short arm of chromosome 5
• Characterized by:
• High-pitched crying/mewing
• Intellectual disability and delayed development
• Microcephaly
• Hypotonia
• Distinctive facial features: widely set eyes, low-set ears, a small jaw, and a rounded face
• Some are born with a heart defect (VSD)
• Inheritance
• Usually spontaneous – rarely from parent with balanced translocation
WILLIAMS SYNDROME
• Congenital microdeletion of long arm of chromosome 7
• Characterized by:
• “Elfin” facies
• Intellectual disability
• Hypercalcemia
• Good verbal skills
• Friendliness with strangers
• Heart defect (SVAS)
• Inheritance
• Usually spontaneous

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